Notes Ghar

                          Ch:4 Animal kingdom  Millions of species of animals have been described and it becomes more necessary to classify them to assign a systematic position. Animals are classified on the basis of arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, pattern of digestive, circulatory and reproductive system. Incomplete digestive system has one opening but complete digestive system has two opening- mouth and anus. Open circulatory system- blood is pumped out of heart and cells and tissue are directly bathed in it. Closed circulatory system- blood is circulated through arteries, veins and capillaries. The animals in which cells are arranged in two embryonic layer, external ectoderm and internal endoderm are called  diploblastic . Eg. Porifera and Cnidaria. The animals in which developing embryo has a third germinal layer, mesoderm besides ectoderm and endoderm are called triploblastic. Eg. Platyhelminthes, Chordates. The body cavity which is lined by mesoderm is call

Ch:3 - Plant kingdom  Eukaryotic, multicellular, chlorophyll containing and having cell wall, are grouped under the kingdom Plantae. It is popularly known as plant kingdom. Phylogenetic  system of classification based on evolutionary relationship is presently used for classifying plants. Numerical Taxonomy  use computer by assigning code for each character and analyzing the features. Cytotaxonomy  is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour. Chemotaxonomy  uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve the confusion. Algae : These include the simplest plants which possess undifferentiated or  thallus like forms , reproductive organs single celled called gametangia. It includes only Algae. Characteristic of Algae Plant body is thallus, which may be unicellular, colonial, filamentous or parenchymatous. Usually aquatic but a few are also found in moist terrestrial habitats like tree trunks, wet rocks, moist soil, etc. Vascular tissues and mechanica

                                                                 CHAPTER-06 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Anatomy is the study of internal structure of organism. Study of plant anatomy includes histology- study of organization and structure of tissues. Anatomy helps in knowing the structural peculiarities of different group of plants and indicates the structural adaptation to diverse environments. The tissue A group of cells having a common origin and usually performing common function are called tissues. Meristematic tissue is a simple tissue composed of group of similar and immature cells which can divide and form new cells. The meristem which occurs at tips of roots and shoots are called  apical meristem . Intercalary meristem  occurs between mature tissues especially in grasses.Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are primary meristems because they appear early in life of a plant and help to form the primary plant body. The meristem which occurs on the sides and takes part